REFLEXIONS SUR L’EGALITE DES GENRES ET LA PROMOTION DE LA FEMME AU BURKINA FASO

 
 

Entretiens et échanges d’idées avec
Hortense Diendjéré Kaboré
de la Coalition Burkinabé pour les Droits de la Femme
avec ses collègues
Brenda Gael McSweeney, Scholastique Kompaoré et Aminata Kiello
Ouagadougou, novembre 2009-juillet 2010

Propos recueillis par
Amina Kiello (à gauche)
                                

AVANT PROPOS

 
Au départ, Hortense Kaboré  a surtout parlé de son expérience de coordonnatrice nationale du projet régional Droits et Citoyenneté des Femmes en Afrique Francophone  (DCF). 

Hortense Diendjéré Kaboré - 2005

En parlant de sa perception  sur la notion de « femme modèle », elle nous a confié que dans une province, lors d’une formation des femmes leaders politiques, dans un exercice qui consistait à identifier des femmes modèles de leur région qui pourraient donner du tonus pour les booster, elles ont répondu qu’elles ne voyaient pas de femmes pouvant servir de modèles. C’était très dur d’entendre cela. L’idée du quota (30 %) pour un meilleur accès des femmes aux instances de prise de décisions est partie de là.

Une femme de vision, selon Hortense, c’est une femme capable d’anticiper. Il faut voir comment une telle femme fait la lecture de l’environnement dans lequel elle vit, afin de devancer les choses. La créativité manque beaucoup de façon générale. Son constat est que, on est attentiste et souvent, on imite après. On manque de créativité de façon générale.
 
Hortense a eu des difficultés à plusieurs occasions, à faire accepter des idées visionnaires auprès de certaines femmes de la Coalition Burkinabè pour les Droits de la Femme, CBDF (mise en place pour la réalisation du projet DCF) parce qu’elles n’en voyaient pas l’importance. C’est quand ces mêmes idées sont énoncées plus tard par d’autres personnes que ces femmes reconnaissent avec regret la pertinence desdites idées et disent que Hortense avait raison.
 

GENRE ET CULTURE 
 
Pour Hortense, la démarche consiste à retourner à la racine pour recommencer, mais les gens n’ont pas la patience. Pour faire bouger les mentalités, il faut, au cas par cas, retourner à la source pour savoir quel est l’état des lieux. Il faut un état des lieux, un diagnostic pour mieux identifier les actions à mener et les stratégies de mise en œuvre adéquates.

                        Hortense - Ouagadougou, 2009

Women of Vision - Burkina Faso

This is a preview of a publication in progress for

UNESCO's University Twinning (UNITWIN)

Website. The UNITWIN concerns Gender, Culture,

and People-Centered Development. We hope you will

enjoy this glimpse of the contributions of some of the

amazing 'Women of Vision' in Burkina Faso!

I. Breaking Barriers: Women in Non-Traditional Roles

Princess Yennenga (12th century) was the female warrior considered to be the mother of the Mossi Kingdom. According to legend, as a young teenager in northern Ghana she valiantly fought in battle for her father, leading other courageous female warriors. She later fled this patriarchal society on her stallion. With a hunter named Rialé, she had a son who founded the Mossi Kingdom in the heart of the territory now comprising Burkina Faso.

Princess Guimbi Ouattara (1836-1919) was a key heroine in the history of the city of Bobo-Dioulasso in the western part of present-day Burkina. She defended the city against invaders from the south, and also gave shelter to early explorers. A mausoleum has been erected in her honor.

Naaba Sagha, born 11 May 1947, is the last Interim Mogho Naaba (Emperor) of the Mossi Kingdom. Installed at age eleven, she was hidden away in a neighboring vicinity for her personal safety, and continues to this day to retain many traditional powers. She created a solidarity group for women in her village. See a video clip of our conversation with the Naaba Sagha, in November 2009, here.

Léontine Kaboré was enthroned as the first-ever female village chief in Burkina Faso in the year 2007. Designated by Chief Modeste Yaméogo, she was given the title Napoaka Ziiri of Issouka village. This title means "honor, power, and glory." She had to overcome many obstacles to exercise her new mandate.

Original story for the BBC by Burkina correspondent Peter Kazoni.

Estelle Christianne Ouèdraogo holds the unique job of female mechanic of motorcycles and mobylettes. She began this work in the capital of Burkina Faso, Ouagadogou, then moved westward to the smaller city of Koudougou. Already she has inspired other women to take up this trade. She dreams to one day run her own repair and spare parts shop.

Original story for the BBC by Burkina correspondent Peter Kazoni.

II. Boosting Knowledge: Female Education

Jacqueline Ki-Zerbo was the first African woman Director of the Teacher's Training School for Girls in Burkina Faso (then called Upper Volta). Among her numerous achievements, she successfully militated for legislation that would permit girls who left school owing to pregnancy, to subsequently return to continue their studies. Jacqueline was also the first National Coordinator of the UNESCO/UN Development Programme/Government Pilot Project for Equal Access of Women and Girls to Education. She later worked with UNESCO on regional population issues, and with UNIFEM in West and Central Africa. She has been honored with prestigious awards.
Photo credit: ©Stan Freedman-Gurspan.

Mariam Konaté is a social activist and one of the first people to write the Jula (Dioula) language and to prepare a functional literacy materials in Jula. She played a crucial role in the Women's Education Project team, stationed in Banfora in western Burkina. Even today, she meets with alumnae of the Women's Project team in Bobo-Dioulasso, where they have formed a women's solidarity group. See a skit by Mariam here.

Bernadette Dao Sanou is a poet and community activist. Based in the Ministry of Basic Education as Director of Educational Innovation, she has written school texts in Jula (Dioula) and French for elementary-level students. Bernadette is a feminist poet: her works include "Sensibilisation sur les stereotypes et prejuges a l'egard des femmes et des petites filles" (2005), prepared for the Marche Mondiale des Femmes - Burkina, and "Quote-part - Poèmes" (June 1992). She also founded the Club Guimbi, a women's collective savings group in her neighborhood. Listen to Bernadette reading a dedication in French here.

Aminata Ouédraogo Bancé is the Coordinator of the International Centre for Girls’ and Women’s Education in Africa (CIEFFA), which has consultative status with UNESCO. The overall objective of her Centre is to promote the education of women and girls with a view to their full participation in eliminating poverty and promoting lasting development. She considers her organization to be a 'child' of the work of Scholastique Kompaoré under the auspices of the UNESCO/UNDP/Government Project for Equal Access of Women and Girls to Education.
Photo: zedcom.bf

III. Setting New Directions: Culture, Science and Social Activism

Maimouna Dembelé was a dynamic traditional minstrel in the western regions of Burkina Faso. Strongly independent and a committed feminist, many of her lyrics paid tribute to the work of the UNESCO Women's Education Project and the importance of functional literacy for women. Here she is pictured with her children, wearing a Voltaic Women's Federation outfit.
Photo courtesy of Mariam Konaté.

Suzanne "Suzi" Ouedraogo is a Ouagadougou-based painter born in 1975, who had to surmount incredible obstacles to practice her profession. She has participated in individual and group exhibitions in Burkina and several European countries, and in 2000 won the Biennale de Dak'art Prize. Several of Suzi's paintings portray the horrors of female genital mutilation and she often depicts humanity's bestiality through images of animals. She also runs an art school for children in Ouagadougou. For more photos of Suzi and her work, visit our Flickr page.

Monique Kabore (1942-2000) was a dynamic leader in the rural areas of southeastern Burkina. She led her community in 'self-help' and income-generating activities, and also promoted women's literacy and empowerment. In recognition of her accomplishments, she was recruited as a Monitrice of the Project for Equal Access of Women and Girls in Education. Photo courtesy of her children.

Odile Germain Nacoulma is a renowned scientist, who additionally was the first female Chancellor of the University of Ouagadougou. A professor of biochemistry, she wrote her doctoral thesis on medicinal plants and traditional medical practices in Burkina, and contributed to national policy in this arena.She was a founding Member of an Association of women heads of enterprise.

Photo: University of Ouagadougou.

Josephine Guissou Ouédraogo is a sociologist who worked for a decade with the Government and then in a private development consultancy firm in Burkina. This field work included an emphasis on women's distinct roles, for example, in the Volta Valleys. She later went on to become the highest-ranking Burkinabé female in the international system: Deputy Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa headquartered in Addis Ababa, and earlier was Director of ECA's African Centre for Women. She is currently pursuing work aimed at sustainable human development as Executive Secretary of 'ENDA Tiers Monde,' Dakar.

Photo: ENDA.

All photos by and ©Brenda Gael McSweeney unless otherwise credited.

Cliquez en bas pour la version francaise:  

Devoir de reconnaissance envers Monique Kaboré

                 par André Zouré, Maire de Garango, ville natale de Monique　

     

Monique, une femme au cœur d’or que j’ai côtoyée et appréciée depuis ses origines paysannes, très modeste, que rien ne prédestinait à un avenir plein de félicité et pourtant!

Mariée, Dieu merci, à un instituteur, ils ont évolué loin des conforts douillets des quelques rares métropoles des années 60 à 90, Monique a vite compris qu’elle avait une mission humanitaire à accomplir autour d’elle pour transformer les mentalités rétrogrades d’antan, notamment la condition de ses consoeurs des milieux ruraux.

Ainsi donc, Monique, sans doute grâce à la tolérance de son mari, a démarré, dans les années 70, une mission titanique d’encadrement de ses sœurs de Zoaga d’abord, Zabré ensuite. D’associations en groupements, elle a réussi avec ses qualités exceptionnelles de femme battante à braver les préjugés, oh! combien tenaces et négatifs d’une société qui ne concevait pas la femme en dehors du foyer. C’est justement en partant de cette conception anachronique et négativiste qu’elle a pris le contre-pied de ses détracteurs pour baptiser son œuvre en l’appelant «Pag la yiri»*  (la femme c’est le foyer). C’est comme pour dire qu’elle n’était nullement en porte-à-faux avec les traditions, mais que c’est cette notion absolutiste de la femme maintenue dans l’obscurité et l’obscurantisme qu’elle voulait plutôt effacer du comportement des hommes.

Aussi, en développant le rôle social et économique qu’une femme formée et éduquée peut jouer en faveur de l’émancipation de la cellule familiale d’abord, puis de la société entière, Monique, petit à petit, avec ténacité et patience, a acquis la confiance des uns et des autres et a, au fur et à mesure emporter l’adhésion des plus sceptiques; et le rayonnement des résultats obtenus grâce aux divers projets que ses nombreux partenaires ont appuyés, a fait le reste.

Six Interviews: Capturing enduring challenges in Burkina and beyond

During his time as the BBC’s Correspondent based in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, the late Peter "Pierre" Kazoni carried out a series of interviews on issues related to the situation of Burkinabé women and girls. The interviews were on such topics as the importance of breastfeeding, innovative educational initiatives, and combating violence against women and girls. These issues have endured as challenges in Burkina and beyond. Below are the summaries of six stories that Peter captured through his investigative journalism.



1. Peter Kazoni, BBC Correspondent in Ouagadougou, investigates the celebration of World Breastfeeding Week in Burkina Faso, supported by the Burkinabé government and UNICEF. The week was instituted in 1992 by the United Nations, and is meant to encourage mothers to resort to breastfeeding; it is estimated that 99% of mothers in Burkina Faso breastfeed, but only 4% continue after six months. Kazoni profiles mothers who breastfeed their children, speaks to the UNICEF Representative in Burkina Faso who stresses the important health benefits for babies who are breast fed, including the formation of a strong immune system. Recommendations are given for mothers regarding when to breastfeed and when to reassess whether to breastfeed.

2. Kazoni profiles a theater troupe of Burkinabé students and young adults who use skits as an educational tool to address the issue of child sexual abuse and violence, and to draw attention of the authorities in Burkina Faso, including judges and attorneys, of this serious epidemic sweeping the country. The troupe’s members convey that their aim is to totally eradicate the problem from their country. He interviews the Head of the Child Protection Unit of UNICEF in Burkina Faso who tells of the serious nature of the problem of sexual violence against children, especially in the capital city of Ouagadougou. The philosophy behind the theater troupe is to use their talents to sensitize the Burkinabé population about the issue; the troupe has already reached over 3 million people in Burkina Faso, empowering citizens to report incidents of sexual violence against children.

3. Peter looks at a new Burkinabé education policy strategy that promotes young girls’ education. He follows President Blaise Compaoré of Burkina Faso on a visit to one of the primary “satellite” schools recently opened for young girls, running from grades 1 through 3. The educational methods employed in the schools, using local dialects initially (and moving on into French in later years) are designed to teach girls to how to read and write, and prepare them for elementary and secondary education. Kazoni interviews the UNICEF Representative in Burkina Faso who shares the pragmatic reasons why the schools were set-up. He also interviews President Compaoré and the Burkinabé Minister of Elementary and Basic Education who both strongly support the initiative.

4. Kazoni reports on the World March of Women’s grand finale entrance into Ouagadougou, where women marchers presented their petition to Burkinabé lawmakers, highlighting issues facing women in Burkina Faso and around the world. The World March of Women is a global feminist action network that works to combat poverty and violence against women, and holds a relay ‘march’ around the world, stopping off in key countries to show solidarity with the women there. Peter finds out that Burkina Faso was selected as the final stop on the march because it is an African nation where there is a strong women’s movement despite the economic and social realities facing the majority of Burkinabé women.

5. Peter follows the visit of the Slovenian/UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador on her visit to a mining town in northern Burkina Faso, where over 100 teenage girls have been successfully ‘rescued’ from child labor in the mines, and are now gaining educational, health, and livelihood skills through local non-profits supported by UNICEF. Kazoni speaks to several educators, international workers, and policymakers about the importance of reaching girls through educational initiatives in order to prevent and curtail the damage of child labor and combat the larger problem of poverty. The UNICEF and local non-profit work, funded in large part by the Slovenian government, is designed to also teach parents and communities about the detriments of child labor regarding a child’s education and livelihood possibilities.

6. In the final piece, Peter Kazoni reports on a new joint Plan International and UNICEF campaign in Burkina Faso aimed at educating parents and communities about the importance of registering their babies at birth with the Government of Burkina Faso. He interviews the UNICEF Representative for Burkina Faso and the Plan International Representative who both outline the campaign’s methods and goals. The campaign uses the medium of film, and special occasion of a film festival, to offer the Burkinabé population a poignant means to understand the importance of registering their children with the Government.

In her words: Interview with Scholastique Kompaoré by Brenda McSweeney

Ouagadougou, November 8th, 2009

"I'm proud of my journey. All that I undertook was aimed at the same objective. This was, in fact, where I succeeded in my studies. I had suffered from the poverty and the lot of women. For instance, women and girls needed to go very far to find water, so sometimes they would sleep at the well and wait for the water to come up. By necessity, I too would go long distances for fire wood for cooking, so I lived the same misery as other women and girls. We would pound and crush the millet and also work in the fields - - plus study! I sold produce in the market, like gombo, also pancakes and donuts. I was the butt of the boy's jokes - it was truly harassment."

"So, I fought to improve the situation of women. An occasion came to express these ideas in 1962 to the President of the Republic, Maurice Yameogo. Very few girls were allowed to go to school, around 6% at the time. So I asked the President to lower the suffering of women and to fight against their fears and inhibitions. In college, I wished to succeed in life so I took my studies seriously; but even before that, in primary school while I was preparing meals I would be doing arithmetic in the fire wood ashes and, as I was pounded millet, would be looking at books. I was the only one in my class who got a scholarship to go to college. With this idea in my head that women suffered so much, I often spoke of this issue."

Scholastique speaking with village women in the 1970s

"After my studies I became a professor in Ouahigouya. I went to the markets to talk with the women who would be working there and in the fields until the very day of a baby's delivery. In 1968, I spoke on these issues at a conference and asked the Préfet what was being done. My husband-to-be, Julian, was working as a livestock assistant, inspecting meat and making lots of friends as well in the markets. He was someone who was reflective and associated with the MLN (Mouvement de la Liberation Nationale). There was a conference on the role of women in development that touched on issues like girls not even being able to study at the primary school level because of household work and then of pregnancies. The husbands didn't care, they wanted to be waited on. They didn't help in the household and had polygamous marriages. I spoke about the plight of women at the conference and read a lot of sociologists on the topic at Centre Voltaic de la Recherche Scientifique. I married before even finishing high school. I taught and had children and received my university 'license' in three years. The fourth year I earned my Master's. I was then recruited in 1969 for the UNESCO Project for equal access of women and girls to education; I carried out the sociological baseline studies in two very different geographic areas: Kongoussi and Pô."

"I was able to put into practice several ideas, especially for tackling the plight of women. This was the perfect environment to show what was possible to accomplish. My path was set out before me and I invested my body and soul in it. An objective of the project was to lighten the workload of the women, and then introduce other possible activities. The UNESCO International Project Team seemed to think they needed to say 'do it this way,' rather than persuading the population (especially the men) through advocacy. Gabriel was in Kongoussi, Mariame Konaté and Gabriel Tamini were in the Banfora zone, and Gérard  Aduabou was sent to Po. In 1974, I became the head (national coordinator) of the Women's Education Project."

"Gabriel pointed out that in Kongoussi, the chiefs run everything. So it was a challenge for me to meet with the women. Through the Federation of Voltaic Women, there were gatherings to exchange ideas. I was proud of advancing the position that city women are not to feel superior to village women - they all need to interact! In 1975, I organized La Nuit de la Femme, a woman's evening to have a chance to share with a broader public the concerns of women in the villages and towns. Women from the three project regions met, especially the village women; the women from Kongoussi acted out a skit around the issues of fetching water and child care. The women from Pô danced and Maimouna, the traditional minstrel from Banfora, sang. The women themselves could draw lessons from the messages in these activities."

"The Project was an amazing forum from which to speak to the country about women and development. There was an important audio-visual component led by Narcisse Kompaoré and Tamini; in one of the villages, there was even a woman called La Radio! Overseas, I overcame any hesitation about speaking of the situation of African women, especially in Canada. We expanded the scope and mission of the project thanks to Brenda McSweeney, and also brought in other partners like USAID and UNICEF.  There were obstacles, and at the outset I had the unconditional support of my husband. Later, however, this changed - there was a lot of pressure from society, and this was to break up my household. Some people felt that the Project and its reach were important to attract women into the political parties, and this was not my objective. I felt that all political branches had their place in the Project and in the work, in contrast with the RDA (Rassemblement Démocratique Africaine) that saw the Project as a way to recruit women. So in 1978, I was replaced as the head of the project and after a year went over to educational planning. Then I was awarded a scholarship to work on my Masters in Educational Sciences at Laval in Canada for six months; my thesis was on measurement, evaluation, and educational planning."

Scholastique and Aminata Kiello visiting a Multi-Functional Platform program, 

aimed to lighten women's workloads

"Later I was called to join the United Nation's Volunteers that Brenda headed up. I was with UNV from 1989 until 1998. This gave me a chance to accomplish a lot of things for women that I held dear to my heart.  I was able to demonstrate a number of solutions that were possible to help women out. I was also an international advisor and led a grassroots rural exchange program for Africa south of the Sahara. I was based in Harare, Zimbabwe to head up this exchange of community fieldworkers. I particularly contributed to training the team in participatory methods. I brought in Robert Toé to help with this important initiative."

"I published a lot of journal articles on advancing women's employment and debated issues ranging from women and water to women's enterprises and new technologies."

"Relatedly, right down to the present, I am pursuing this same objective: now I'm President of the Marche Mondiale des Femmes - Burkina, and on the Advisory Board for Canadian CUSO/VSO."

Autumn 2005

Une femme de conviction pour moi

  Benoît Ouédraogo

Les  femmes de conviction ont des caractéristiques communes qui font d’elles des femmes exceptionnelles.

Une femme de conviction est une femme qui s’attaque résolument à un problème de société dont les effets sont inacceptables pour elle.  Pour la résolution de ce problème elle structure  ses idées, propose et défend  une nouvelle façon de voir, de penser, de comprendre et d’entreprendre des actions qui s’attaquent à la cause profonde du  problème,  convaincue qu’elle  parviendra à changer la tendance dominatrice du dit problème dans son environnement.

La femme de conviction est une entrepreneure sociale qui cherche coûte que coûte à transformer radicalement certaines pratiques insoutenables  dans la société.

C’est une femme d’exception, une femme visionnaire qui a implicitement ou explicitement des objectifs stratégiques et tactiques qu’elle se fixe. C’est une femme qui ne recule pas devant les obstacles sociologiques et politiques, les risques qu’elle encoure pour sa façon d’être, de penser et d’agir. Elle est prête à faire face à tous les risques pour ses convictions, ses prises de position et les solutions  qu’elle créées pour résoudre le problème auquel elle s’attaque. Et les risques sont nombreux :

-       Le risque d’être incomprise et prise à partie par d’autres femmes qui ne se sont pas construite une vision stratégique et tactique et ne s’intéressent par conséquent qu’aux intérêts pratiques immédiats.

-       Le risque d’être incomprise, humiliée voir rejetée par un conjoint qui ne tolère pas sous son toit une femme insoumise, qui n’a pas les pieds sur terre et qui se comporte « hors norme sociale ».

-       Le risque de compromettre ou de briser sa carrière administrative et professionnelle parce qu’elle est perçue comme une personne atypique qui dérange, perturbe et donne le mauvais exemple.

Les femmes de conviction  devraient s’offrir au niveau national, régional et international  un cadre d’action concertée, de synergie et de complémentarité pour soutenir leurs initiatives et leur combat.  L’un des défis à relever est comment arriver à cette synergie au niveau national, régional et international ? Comment ajuster les pièces du puzzle ?  J’ai eu l’impression que c’est ce défi que vous chercher à relever. Alors restez des femmes de conviction.

Benoît Ouédraogo

Représentant Ashoka au Burkina Faso

Benoît Ouédraogo, Scholastique Kompaoré and Ali Lankoandé

Click below for the English version!

Place de la femme...?!

Place de la femme pour la paix, 2006, Ouagadougou

P

Place de la femme, mid-80s, Bobo-Dioulasso

Other tributes to and depictions of women in Ouagadougou and beyond:

Princess Yennenga:

Koudougou